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Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators in tissue responses to a wide range of endogenous (e.g. autoantigens) and exogenous (e.g. infections, wounds, biomaterials) stimuli. The complex interactions taking place between different cell types in such processes are difficult to examine in vivo. Here we studied the effect of human monocytes on thyroid epithelial cells co-cultured in bicameral...
Cell lines derived from human colon carcinomas secrete interleukin 8 (IL-8) in vitro and this chemokine has also been detected immunohistochemically in human colon carcinoma specimens, in which it is tumour cell associated. In these experiments, IL-8 was shown to comprise an important component of the angiogenic activity of colon carcinoma cell line supernatants. The effect of modulating IL-8 activity...
Interferon γ (IFN-γ) priming is considered to be critical for interleukin 12 (IL-12) production of murine macrophages and human monocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In our present experiments, freshly prepared spleen cells (f-spleen cells) were confirmed not to produce detectable level of IL-12 by LPS stimulation, although they produced significant amount of IL-12 by the stimulation...
There are numerous reports documenting the correlation between Streptococcus bovis bacteraemia and endocarditis in conjunction with colonic diseases. The adherence of S. bovis to either buccal or intestinal epithelial cells seems to be the initial process in colonization and subsequent infection of the host, allowing further adhesion of S. bovis to either endothelial cells or extracellular matrix...
Joint erosion is a prevalent feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not of many other chronic inflammatory arthritides (non-RA). Joint destruction is mediated by cytokines, primarily interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor. Less erosive activity in patients with non-RA compared to RA might be related to factors that inhibit production and/or function of IL-1. Release of IL-1β, and the two...
The goal of the study was to evaluate the mechanism by which ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) regulated protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. L8 myotubes were cultured and effects of various times and doses of CNTF on protein synthesis and degradation were evaluated. Effects of CNTF on turnover of specific pools of proteins (myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar) were also evaluated. Protein synthesis...
In bone marrow, haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rely on close contact with stromal cells for proliferation and differentiation. Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) is a chemokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells and has been reported to be a chemoattractant for CD34 + cells. SDF-1 was evaluated for effects on proliferation of both mature and immature human progenitor cells in vitro. Neither...
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-6 produced by surgical intervention or non-specific immunotherapy may directly affect both the growth and the metastasis of tumour cells. It is therefore important to clarify the direct influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on tumour cells in order to obtain a better knowledge of anti-tumour therapy. Four...
Pilus-mediated adhesion plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis by allowing the initial localized adhesion to epithelial and endothelial cells. Non-piliated bacteria are not adherent. Moreover, cytokine production during infection is a key feature of meningococcal pathogenesis. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is known to be produced early during meningococcal infections...
Cytokines might play a role in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) has been shown to alter the functional state of insulin-producing β cells. This effect appears mediated through induction of certain proteins and suppression of others. The present study demonstrates that the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of rat β cells and insulin-producing rat insulinoma...
Recent studies indicate that young female proestrus mice show an enhanced immune response following trauma-haemorrhage, as opposed to the immunodepression observed in males of comparable age. Testosterone is suggested as the cause of immunodepression in males, whereas oestradiol seems to be responsible for the enhanced immune response in females, however, sex hormone levels decrease with age. To determine...
Reduced cytokine production in ex vivo cultures has been regularly reported in patients suffering from sepsis syndrome. Using whole blood assays, we have now demonstrated that in sepsis patients, normal production of IL-8 was achieved with the higher concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1μg/ml) and with heat-killed streptococci, whereas the IL-8 production induced by lower LPS concentration (0...
By homology search of expressed sequence tags (EST) in GenBank a novel member of the CC chemokine family was identified. The full-length sequence of this liver-specific CC chemokine (LCC-1) predicted a mature protein of 97 amino acids with 31–48% identity to other CC chemokines. There was a characteristic amino acid C-term extension when aligned with other chemokines. Northern blot analysis from a...
The ligand binding site of Mpl, the thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor, has not been determined. Tyr 462 of murine Mpl corresponds to Tyr 421 of the common β chain of the human IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptors. Tyr 421 has been identified as essential for high-affinity ligand binding. To determine whether Tyr 462 is similarly required for Tpo binding, wild-type murine Mpl...
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects on cells ranging from proliferation to apoptosis. These biological effects of TNF-α are believed to be elicited by the induction or enhancement of the expression of TNF-α responsive genes in the target cells. TNF-α is pro-inflammatory and a principal mediator in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The activation of an inflammatory...
The molecules of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) system have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL-1β (IL1B), the IL-1 Type 1 receptor (IL1RTI) and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) molecules have been associated with IDDM in case–control studies. It can be difficult to exclude selection biases in case–control...
The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological roles of soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF was obtained from patients suspected with meningitis. Eight patients without any meningeal signs or symptoms were enrolled as controls. An additional 34 CSF samples were collected to measure both biologically active and immunoreactive sIL-6R. All...
The authors have previously demonstrated that the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) −308 G/A polymorphism affects the binding of transcription factors. In transient transfection assays in PMA stimulated U937 monocytes and Jurkat T cells, the A-containing TNF2 promoter has a 2–3-fold greater transcriptional activity than the TNF1 promoter in the presence of the TNF 3′UTR. In this study it was found that...
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the IL-6 family of polyfunctional cytokines. The characterized murine OSM transcript consists of three exons and encodes a secreted protein. Investigations of mOSM expression using the ribonuclease protection assay demonstrated novel sites of expression in undifferentiated but not differentiated pluripotent cells, and revealed the existence of alternatively spliced...
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